Archaeologists unearth medieval highland city in Uzbekistan

TASHKENT, Uzbekistan (MNTV) — Newly published archaeological research reveals discoveries in Uzbekistan that could reshape understanding of highland Silk Road networks, UzDaily.com reported, citing the American magazine Smithsonian.

A joint Uzbek–American team has identified what is believed to be the medieval city of Marsmanda, previously known only from historical sources.

The site, known as Tugunbulak, was a fortified settlement that existed from the 6th to the 11th century. Located at an altitude of about 2,000 meters, it spanned 120 hectares and was protected by substantial defensive walls.

Researchers said the city was notable for its advanced metallurgy, producing iron, weapons and tools. The findings indicate that Silk Road trade routes extended far into highland regions, underscoring the long-overlooked role of pastoral nomads in regional and long-distance commerce.

Tugunbulak thrived from the 8th to 11th centuries, serving as a seasonal hub for nomadic traders. Excavations uncovered workshop remains, ceramics and luxury items including silver jewelry and glass beads.

Further evidence came from the medieval cemetery of Tashbulak, about five kilometers away, where archaeologists documented more than 650 burials following Islamic rites, demonstrating the early spread of Islam into mountainous areas of the region.