Code-switching becomes linguistic norm among young Saudis

RIYADH, Saudi Arabia (MNTV) — The growing trend of code-switching—alternating between Arabic and English within conversations—has emerged as a prominent linguistic feature among young Saudis, particularly in major cities. 

A recent 2024 study by Jouf University researcher Kais Sultan Mousa Alowidha found that bilingual Saudis frequently switch languages based on setting and subject matter, with a strong presence of code-switching in both casual and professional environments.

For students who have studied or lived abroad, language-switching has become almost instinctive, reported Arab News. 

Abdullah Almuayyad, a Saudi senior at the University of Washington, told MNTV that he transitions between languages depending on the setting. “In business contexts, I usually use English, but in personal or family settings, Arabic feels more natural,” he said.

He explained that certain topics trigger a language switch. “If I’m talking about a business concept, English naturally kicks in,” he noted, adding that his friends often joke when he shifts mid-sentence.

Institutional efforts to reinforce Arabic fluency are also underway. The King Salman Global Academy for Arabic Language in Riyadh has launched a series of programs targeting both native and non-native speakers, using digital platforms, academic partnerships, and training initiatives to strengthen Arabic language competency.

According to linguist Majd Tohme of SURV Linguistics in Riyadh, the rise of code-switching is not a threat but a reflection of how languages evolve in real-world use. 

“Languages are living systems,” he said, “and code-switching isn’t new—it’s a natural part of linguistic evolution.”

Tohme added that debating the morality of code-switching overlooks its practicality. “The right question is whether it functions effectively in communication—and clearly, it does,” he said. 

He also pointed out that many words considered Arabic today have origins in Persian, European, or other foreign languages, especially in scientific and technical fields.

Still, concerns persist regarding the potential erosion of Arabic in the digital age, particularly as English dominates online platforms. “The internet has become a global playground where billions communicate in a shared language, often English,” Tohme said.

However, young Saudis are also actively preserving Arabic. Almuayyad recounted a personal initiative from his school years: “In eighth grade, my friends and I challenged ourselves to speak only Arabic until it felt second nature. Later, I switched to English with friends who wanted to practice.”

This conscious engagement with both languages illustrates a shift toward functional bilingualism, where neither language undermines the other. 

The Jouf University study found that bilingual Saudis often view both languages as integral to their identity and that speaking English does not equate to a loss of cultural belonging.

The study also noted that in urban centers, where professional and public spaces frequently include non-Arabic speakers, code-switching often becomes a necessity rather than a choice.

In line with Saudi Arabia’s Vision 2030, which emphasizes global openness and multicultural engagement, experts suggest that this linguistic blending reflects an outward-facing, adaptable generation rather than a detachment from heritage.

Tohme emphasized the psychological impact of studying abroad, noting that many students return home with a renewed determination to strengthen their Arabic.

Almuayyad echoed this sentiment. “Had I lived my whole life in the Kingdom, my language skills might still be the same—but being immersed in two cultures has forced me to stretch and grow linguistically,” he said.

He acknowledged the influence of global media on language use in Saudi Arabia but stressed that bilingualism now offers a more dynamic way for young Saudis to engage with both local traditions and international communities.